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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIInstitute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIProgram on Women’s Healthcare Effectiveness Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PAMagee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, PA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIInstitute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIProgram on Women’s Healthcare Effectiveness Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIInstitute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIInstitute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIProgram on Women’s Healthcare Effectiveness Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Randomized controlled trials document the safety and efficacy of reduced frequency prenatal visit schedules and virtual visits, but real-world data are lacking. Our institution created a prenatal care delivery model incorporating these alternative approaches to continue safely providing prenatal care during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Objective
To evaluate institutional-level adoption and patient and provider experiences with the coronavirus disease 2019 prenatal care model.
Study Design
We conducted a single-site evaluation of a coronavirus disease 2019 prenatal care model incorporating a reduced frequency visit schedule and virtual visits deployed at a suburban academic institution on March 20, 2020. We used electronic health record data to evaluate institution-level model adoption, defined as changes in overall visit frequency and proportion of virtual visits in the 3 months before and after implementation. To evaluate the patient and provider experience with the coronavirus disease 2019 model, we conducted an online survey of all pregnant patients (>20 weeks’ gestation) and providers in May 2020. Of note, 3 domains of care experience were evaluated: (1) access, (2) quality and safety, and (3) satisfaction. Quantitative data were analyzed with basic descriptive statistics. Free-text responses coded by the 3 survey domains elucidated drivers of positive and negative care experiences.
Results
After the coronavirus disease 2019 model adoption, average weekly prenatal visit volume fell by 16.1%, from 898 to 761 weekly visits; the average weekly proportion of prenatal visits conducted virtually increased from 10.8% (97 of 898) to 43.3% (330 of 761); and the average visit no-show rate remained stable (preimplementation, 4.3%; postimplementation, 4.2%). Of those eligible, 74.8% of providers (77 of 103) and 15.0% of patients (253 of 1690) participated in the surveys. Patient respondents were largely white (180 of 253; 71.1%) and privately insured (199 of 253; 78.7%), reflecting the study site population. The rates of chronic conditions and pregnancy complications also differed from national prevalence. Provider respondents were predominantly white (44 of 66; 66.7%) and female (50 of 66; 75.8%). Most patients and almost all providers reported that virtual visits improved access to care (patients, 174 of 253 [68.8%]; providers, 74 of 77 [96.1%]). More than half of respondents (patients, 124 of 253 [53.3%]; providers, 41 of 77 [62.1%]) believed that virtual visits were safe. Nearly all believed that home blood pressure cuffs were important for virtual visits (patients, 213 of 231 [92.2%]; providers, 63 of 66 [95.5%]). Most reported satisfaction with the coronavirus disease 2019 model (patients, 196 of 253 [77.5%]; providers, 64 of 77 [83.1%]). In free-text responses, drivers of positive care experiences were similar for patients and providers and included perceived improved access to care through decreased barriers (eg, transportation, childcare), perceived high quality of virtual visits for low-risk patients and increased safety during the pandemic, and improved satisfaction through better patient counseling. Perceived drivers of negative care experience were also similar for patients and providers, but less common. These included concerns that unequal access to virtual visits could deepen existing maternity care inequities, concerns that the lack of home devices (eg, blood pressure cuffs) would affect care quality and safety, and dissatisfaction with poor patient-provider continuity and inadequate expectation setting for the virtual visit experience.
Conclusion
Reduced visit schedules and virtual visits were rapidly integrated into real-world care, with positive experiences for many patients and providers. Future research is needed to understand the health outcomes and care experience associated with alternative approaches to prenatal care delivery across more diverse patient populations outside of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to inform broader health policy decisions.
Safety and immunogenicity of tetanus diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization during pregnancy in mothers and infants: a randomized clinical trial.
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the United States experienced the largest transition in prenatal care delivery in almost a century—several alternative prenatal care approaches were rapidly implemented to ensure access to prenatal services while maintaining social distancing, including reduced frequency visits and virtual visits.
Alternative approaches to prenatal care delivery (eg, reduced visit frequency and virtual visits) were used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to prevent viral transmission. We evaluated a COVID-19 prenatal care model at a single site, including institution-level model adoption and patient and provider experiences of care (ie, access, quality and safety, satisfaction).
Key findings
After the adoption of the COVID-19 prenatal care model, the average weekly prenatal care visit frequency decreased from 898 to 761 visits and the proportion of virtual visits increased from 10.8% to 43.3%. More than 75% of respondents were satisfied with the model, and factors associated with a positive experience included ease, convenience, and improved access. Factors associated with a negative experience included concerns about access inequities, virtual visit quality and safety without home devices (blood pressure cuffs), and poor patient-provider continuity.
What does this add to what is known?
Early findings on the COVID-19 prenatal care model at a single institution are promising but require further evaluation in more diverse populations.
Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of reduced frequency visits and virtual visits during pregnancy are promising, these approaches are understudied in real-world settings. Existing data are limited by highly controlled settings and minimal evaluations of patient or provider perspectives.
Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to evaluate reduced visit schedules and virtual visits in real-world settings. Early findings on alternative prenatal care approaches are critical to helping hospitals and health systems make decisions on how to sustain or modify COVID-19–related prenatal care adaptations made rapidly in response to the pandemic.
In March 2020, our institution deployed a COVID-19 prenatal care model, incorporating reduced frequency visits and virtual visits in response to the pandemic.
The objective of this study is to evaluate initial adoption and patient and provider care experience with this model at a single institution, to provide early data on alternative prenatal care approaches launched during the pandemic.
Methods
Study design and data sources
We conducted a retrospective evaluation of institution-level adoption of a COVID-19 prenatal care model using electronic health record (EHR) data and a survey of patient and provider care experience. The University of Michigan Institutional Review Board deemed this study exempt (HUM00181021) on April 29, 2020.
Setting
Our suburban academic institution includes more than 150 maternity care providers (including 63 resident physicians), who care for 5000 pregnant patients annually across 12 ambulatory care sites. Our approach for developing the COVID-19 prenatal care model has been described elsewhere.
Briefly, we designed a basic prenatal visit schedule, with in-person visits scheduled around evidence-based services that could only be delivered in person, such as laboratory tests and vaccines. Virtual visits were scheduled between in-person visits to provide anticipatory guidance, psychosocial support, and additional services as needed. Guidelines for patients with high-risk conditions (eg, chronic hypertension) were developed with maternal-fetal medicine physicians and were based on the low-risk schedule with additional visits and services (eg, antenatal testing) as appropriate. These plans were implemented within 48 hours, on March 20, 2020, and our prenatal care model was endorsed by national maternity care organizations for use during the pandemic.
Trained medical students called patients to explain changes in prenatal care and how to obtain home devices (eg, blood pressure cuffs) for use with virtual visits. Device availability was not required for participation. A total of 2 weeks after the COVID-19 model was launched, our organization received a donation of blood pressure cuffs, which were offered to all patients in the third trimester. When the COVID-19 prenatal care model was launched, providers were assigned to cover either inpatient or outpatient care to minimize viral exposure and ensure workforce preservation—disrupting existing outpatient patient-provider continuity.
Measures of coronavirus disease 2019 prenatal care model adoption
Using EHR data, we queried all prenatal visits 3 months before and after the implementation of the new model to understand model adoption (December 16, 2019, to June 28, 2020). We assessed the institutional average weekly visit volume and proportion of visits completed virtually, by week, and averaged over the pre- and postimplementation period. In addition, we calculated the no-show rate and the number of travel miles avoided through virtual care using the patient’s address in the EHR and their outpatient clinic site.
Measures of patient and provider care experience
Participants
All patients at >20 weeks’ gestation who were receiving prenatal care at our institution and registered for the EHR portal during the survey fielding window received a 1-time message through the EHR inviting them to participate. Of note, more than 90% of pregnant patients at our institution are active on the EHR portal. All maternity care providers (general obstetricians and gynecologists, maternal-fetal medicine physicians, family medicine physicians, and certified nurse midwives) were invited through division Listservs and announcements at departmental meetings. We did not include resident physicians in our survey, because most did not provide outpatient prenatal care during the pandemic.
Instruments
We used the Qualtrics software (Provo, UT) to develop 2 new survey instruments—1 each for patients and providers—based on validated measures when available. Experts in survey methodology (M.H. and M.H.M.), maternity care innovations (A.F.P. and R.D.S.), and our institution’s patient experience team for virtual care reviewed both surveys before deployment. Surveys were adapted from the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire, a validated instrument for assessing patients’ and providers’ perceptions of telemedicine,
and focused on the following 3 key domains: (1) access (the ability to receive recommended services); (2) quality and safety (the ability to effectively deliver medical services, including use of home devices [blood pressure cuffs, fetal Dopplers]); and (3) satisfaction (the overall desire to use virtual visits). To assess the role of home devices, patients and providers reported their agreement with the statement “It is important for patients to have blood pressure cuffs/fetal Dopplers for virtual visits.” Patients also reported whether they used home devices. We assessed demographic data using questions developed from the United States Census
Finally, patient and provider surveys included free-text questions on key domains of care experience (access, quality and safety, satisfaction) to provide a richer qualitative understanding of the drivers of variation in survey outcomes.
Analysis
Quantitative EHR data and survey responses were summarized using basic descriptive statistics. All results, including the number of respondents and proportions, were reported for the total number of patients or providers who answered each question.
Survey analyses were performed with Qualtrics software. Free-text responses were qualitatively coded using the 3 experience domains by 2 authors (A.P. and H.B.). Emerging subthemes within each domain were reviewed with additional authors (A.F.P. and M.H.M.) and applied to all qualitative responses by 2 authors (patients, A.P. and A.F.P.; providers, H.B. and A.F.P.). Discrepancies were discussed until consensus was reached. Free-text responses were integrated in a joint display comparing patient and provider responses across the 3 domains. Because patient and provider themes were similar, we report results by positive and negative care experiences across the 3 domains to elucidate drivers of varying care experiences.
Coronavirus disease 2019 prenatal care model adoption
After the adoption of the COVID-19 model, institution-level weekly prenatal care visit volume decreased by 31.6%, from 1051 visits during the week of December 16, 2020, to 719 visits during the week of June 28, 2020. During this time, virtual visits also increased from 101 to 239 (136.6%). Across the pre- and postimplementation periods, the average total visit volume fell from 898 to 765 visits (16.1%), and the average weekly proportion of virtual prenatal visits increased from 10.8% (97 of 898) to 43.3% (330 of 761)—video visits from 0.0% (0 of 898) to 17.0% (124 of 761) and phone visits from 10.8% (97 of 898) to 26.3% (124 of 761). These changes were sustained over the postimplementation period (Figure 1). The 1265 patients seen over the study period saved more than 40,000 miles of travel through the conversion of in-person visits to virtual care.
Figure 1Average total, in person, and virtual prenatal visit utilization
Of the 1690 eligible patients, 253 (15.0%) responded to the survey. Patient demographics matched the characteristics of the study site’s general population: mean age, 31.2 years (standard deviation, 6.7), predominantly white (180 of 253; 71.1%), privately insured (199 of 253; 78.7%), and multiparous (133 of 253; 52.6%). Only 11.9% of respondents (30 of 253) saw a high-risk doctor during their pregnancy. Rates of most chronic conditions (diabetes mellitus
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: chronic hypertension in pregnancy.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222.
(Table 1). Of the 103 eligible providers, 77 (74.8%) responded. Providers who completed the demographic questions were predominantly female (50 of 66; 75.8%), white (44 of 66; 66.7%), and general obstetricians and gynecologists (23 of 66; 34.9%) or Family Medicine physicians (25 of 66; 37.9%) (Table 2).
Table 1Characteristics of patient survey respondents
Patient and provider survey data on care experience (access, quality and safety, satisfaction) are presented in Table 3, and the joint display of quantitative survey outcomes and qualitative data from the free-text survey questions is shown in Figure 2. Each domain is explored individually below. All free-text questions were completed by 68.8% (53 of 77) and 59.3% (150 of 253) of patients and providers, respectively.
Table 3Patients’ and providers’ agreement with questions regarding experiences with the COVID-19 prenatal care model
Overall, many patients and almost all providers reported that the COVID-19 prenatal care model improved patients’ access to prenatal care (patients, 174 of 253 [68.8%]; providers, 74 of 77 [96.1%]). Most reported that using virtual visits was easy (patients, 235 of 253 [92.9%]; providers, 68 of 77 [88.3%]). More providers than patients reported technical issues (patients, 20 of 253 [7.9%]; providers, 30 of 77 [39.0%]).
In free-text responses, patients and providers reported positive access experiences: virtual visits removed traditional barriers to care, such as employment, childcare, travel time, and clinic inefficiencies. Negative themes included concerns that barriers to care might disproportionately affect vulnerable populations—the ability to afford home devices and access to reliable smart devices and internet were seen as important barriers to equity.
Quality and safety
Fewer than half of patients and providers agreed with the statement “The quality of virtual visits is the same as in-person care” (patients, 94 of 253 [37.1%]; providers, 35 of 77 [45.5%]), although more than half agreed that “virtual prenatal care is as safe as in-person care” (patients, 124 of 233 [53.2%]; providers, 41 of 66 [62.1%]).
In free-text responses, patients and providers reported the new schedule better fit the needs of low-risk women by eliminating low-value visits. An additional theme associated with positive quality and safety experiences included the new model’s reduction of viral exposure during the pandemic. Themes associated with negative quality and safety experiences included concerns that usual prenatal care measurements, including blood pressure and fetal heart tones, were not incorporated into the model. This contributed to the sense that something could “be missed” leading to delayed diagnosis of pregnancy complications.
Home devices were seen as important for patient and provider comfort—92.2% of patients (213 of 231) and 95.5% of providers (63 of 66) believed that a home blood pressure cuff was important for virtual prenatal visits, and 84.8% of patients (196 of 231) and 71.2% of providers (47 of 66) believed that a home fetal Doppler was important. Of the patients surveyed, 36.1% (84 of 233) purchased a blood pressure cuff, 20.2% (47 of 233) received a cuff at their 28-week visit, and 8.8% (9 of 102) without cuffs identified cost as a barrier. Although fetal Dopplers were not offered through the clinic, 25.1% of patients (58 of 231) purchased them. In free-text responses, patients and providers emphasized the importance of home device use in conjunction with virtual visits.
Satisfaction
Most patients and providers felt prepared to conduct virtual prenatal visits (patients, 231 of 253 [91.3%]; providers, 70 of 79 [88.6%]). Patients and providers both reported satisfaction with virtual visits (patients, 196 of 253 [77.5%]; providers, 64 of 77 [83.1%]), but more providers than patients reported willingness to continue them after the pandemic (patients, 102 of 253 [40.3%]; providers, 71 of 77 [92.2%]).
In free-text responses, patients and providers identified the need for improved preparation for virtual visits, including setting clearer expectations (eg, visit structure, time). Themes associated with high satisfaction included improved communication and counseling during virtual visits, facilitated by the patient’s comfort in their own home and the ability to focus on patient questions and concerns. In addition, both groups reflected on the improvement in patients having a more active role in their care through putting tools, like home devices, in patients’ hands. Themes associated with lower satisfaction included concerns about continuity, difficulty maintaining patient-provider relationships in new care models, and the belief that virtual contact is not a perfect substitute for in-person relationship building. Both groups recognized that the COVID-19 prenatal care model may be more difficult for first-time moms, who may desire additional anticipatory guidance.
Comment
Principal findings
A COVID-19 prenatal care model, including reduced frequency visits and virtual visits, was rapidly adopted at a single institution caring for a largely white, privately insured, highly educated population of pregnant patients. Average weekly visit volume fell by 16.1% and virtual visit volume increased by 43.3% in the 3 months after compared with before model implementation. In the subset of patients and providers who participated in the study, satisfaction was high. Key cited advantages over usual care included perceptions of improved access and patient engagement. Although more than half of respondents perceived the COVID-19 model as safe, virtual care was not seen as having equal quality as in-person visits. We identified several important areas for improvement: patient and provider participants agreed that new models must (1) ensure equitable access to virtual services, (2) address quality and safety concerns through routine use of home devices with virtual visits, and (3) support satisfaction through patient-provider continuity and setting clear expectations about prenatal care from the beginning of pregnancy.
Results
Our study suggests a prenatal care model combining reduced frequency visits and virtual visits is associated with positive care experiences for many, but not all, patients and providers. Ensuring availability of home devices, continuity, and improved introduction to virtual care are important considerations for institutions continuing to use these alternative approaches to prenatal care delivery. Our findings match previous work demonstrating patients have a wide range of preferences for prenatal care delivery, including visit number and modality.
Although our study included predominantly privately insured patients, new care models may be particularly advantageous for patients who face the greatest barriers to care, such as transportation, employment, and childcare, as long as patients have access to broadband internet and desire connecting with their care team in this fashion.
In fact, by converting visits to a virtual modality, our patients collectively saved 40,000 travel miles in 3 months—using the standard Internal Revenue Service mileage rate for vehicle wear ($0.575), this equates to more than $22,700 saved by patients in travel costs alone, not including reductions in childcare burden or the opportunity cost of missed work.
Notably, fewer patients than providers perceived an improvement in care access. Future work should explore the role of patient preference in selecting appropriate prenatal care models and how acceptability of virtual care differs outside of a pandemic.
Clinical implications
Our study was conducted in a suburban, predominantly white, privately insured population and does not adequately represent the views of often marginalized groups who experience disproportionately high rates of medical and psychosocial risk factors (eg, chronic conditions, food insecurity
). More representative perspectives are needed to inform local care decisions and broader policy initiatives. Some patients may desire more visits, a different balance of virtual and in-person visits, or augmentation of services (eg, home visits, group prenatal care services) to ensure comprehensive care that meets individuals’ preferences. In addition, many patients may lack access to broadband internet or smart devices—necessary tools for participating in virtual prenatal care.
and continue coverage of video and phone visits at parity with in-person visits is important for ensuring equity.
Importantly, many patients and providers expressed concerns about the safety of virtual care, and half of both groups reported that the quality of virtual visits was not equivalent to in-person care. Of note, in qualitative responses, the majority of both patients’ and providers’ worries were linked to the concern about performing virtual care without home devices and missing pregnancy complications such as hypertension in pregnancy. Guaranteeing payer coverage of home devices, including blood pressure cuffs and Dopplers, without out-of-pocket costs will be important for model acceptability for patients and providers. Other concerns about quality may have been linked to inadequate preparation for visits and lack of continuity. It is possible that when virtual visits are preceded by clear expectations and in-person contact with the same provider, their overall quality will be better perceived. Finally, many patients and providers reported virtual care was acceptable as a way to safely receive care while minimizing exposure to COVID-19; it remains to be seen whether patients and providers will weigh risks and benefits of virtual services similarly after the acute months of the pandemic.
Our findings are informing specific changes to our institution’s prenatal care model. First, we have designed patient-facing materials for the first prenatal appointment to help patients understand the new model, including visit schedule, structure of virtual visits, and available resources. We will use shared decision making to help patients determine the best visit number and visit modality for their preferences and needs. For patients selecting virtual care, we will secure home devices for them from their first prenatal appointment, through insurance coverage, health savings accounts, individual purchase, or donation. We will validate devices in the clinic and provide education on proper use. Finally, our institution has returned to usual outpatient provider staffing, facilitating improved patient-provider continuity.
Research implications
Although meta-analysis–level data support the use of reduced visit schedules for low-risk patients, the traditional prenatal care delivery model (eg, 12–14 in-person visits) or the COVID-19 model evaluated in this study has not been studied in rigorous, randomized trials across different care settings and among diverse patient groups.
High-quality evidence on the impact of prenatal care models on maternal and neonatal health outcomes is of utmost importance. Although new care models may improve access, efficiency, and experience, there is a potential for unintended maternal and neonatal health consequences such as delayed diagnosis of obstetrical complications, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, intrauterine growth restriction, and others. In addition, although new approaches to prenatal care strive to reduce barriers to care, there is a potential for accidental deepening of existing inequities through the digital divide or perpetuation of patient-provider mistrust. A retrospective evaluation of new approaches to prenatal care will be challenging in nationwide claims analyses, where granular prenatal care delivery information such as visit number and modality is frequently obscured owing to global and bundled billing codes. Still, collaborative EHR datasets that combine outpatient utilization with inpatient data may be important sources of health outcomes. Similarly, a prospective evaluation of service utilization, health outcomes, costs, and patient and provider experiences is sorely needed. Cluster-wedge RCTs hold promise for broadening the findings from single-institution studies. Similarly, implementation science can clarify the barriers and facilitators to the adoption of new models across diverse settings and help determine how best to tailor care delivery innovations to local patient and provider needs. Still, these interim data provide important guidance for key maternity care stakeholders who must make decisions about prenatal care models now.
Strengths and limitations
Our study has several important limitations. Most importantly, the study setting is a single, academic, suburban institution in the Midwest serving a largely white, privately insured patient population, with different rates of some medical comorbidities and obstetrical complications compared with the general US population. Understanding the perspective of patient populations with socioeconomic and racial-ethnic diversity is a vital next step. Second, our patient survey response rate was low, representing only a subset of pregnant patients in our population and limiting the generalizability of our findings; however, the number of respondents was large, reflects the composition of our general patient population, and includes rich qualitative data. In addition, our institution had established virtual care infrastructure before the pandemic, including a supportive EHR platform and training resources, which may have catalyzed the adoption of prenatal care innovations. Our patients were surveyed through the EHR portal, suggesting respondents may be more technologically savvy; however, more than 90% of our pregnant patients are enrolled in the portal at our institution, suggesting greater generalizability. Finally, this study did not address health outcomes. Adoption and care experience data can guide immediate, iterative changes in care delivery while awaiting robust health outcomes.
Our understanding of how best to integrate prenatal care innovations into routine practice and for which patients is still nascent. Although our institution’s guidelines were endorsed as interim recommendations by national organizations during the pandemic, permanent guidelines have yet to be defined. Our work fills an important knowledge gap about new prenatal care models and how to support sustainability and equity after their initial launch.
Conclusions
Reduced visit schedules and virtual visits were rapidly adopted in a real-world prenatal care practice setting, with positive care experiences for most patients and providers—universal home device access, patient-provider continuity, and clear expectations for virtual visits and feasible modifications to enhance equity and sustainability of this model. These early data come from a single site, with important demographic and health differences from the United States as a whole, leaving important knowledge gaps about prenatal care delivery. Future work must (1) assess the patient and provider care experience in diverse care settings and patient populations; (2) capture health outcomes for moms and babies, with a specific focus on health disparities; and (3) clarify the role of alternative prenatal care models beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Safety and immunogenicity of tetanus diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization during pregnancy in mothers and infants: a randomized clinical trial.
E.K. is an investigator on grants for Magee-Womens Research Institute from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Gilead, and Merck & Co, Inc, outside of the submitted work. V.K.D. is a contributing editor for The Medical Letter, Inc, an author for UpToDate, and a consultant for Bind. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.
J.W. received funding for research from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (grant number, R01 DA042859). V.K.D. has received grant funding from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, National Institute for Reproductive Health, the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation, and the NIH. M.H.M. is supported by grant number K08 HS025465 from the AHRQ. M.H. is supported by grant number P30 DK092926 from the NIH.
None of the funders played a role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; in the preparation, review, or approval of the article; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.
Cite this article as: Peahl AF, Powell A, Berlin H, et al. Patient and provider perspectives of a new prenatal care model introduced in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021;224:384.e1-11.
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