American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Volume 202, Issue 3 , Pages 221-231 , March 2010

Menstrual cycle-related exacerbation of disease

  • JoAnn V. Pinkerton, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprints: JoAnn Pinkerton, MD, University of Virginia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PO Box 801104, Northridge Ste. 104, Charlottesville, VA 22908
    • ,
  • Christine J. Guico-Pabia, MD, MBA

      Affiliations

    • Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA
    • ,
  • Hugh S. Taylor, MD

      Affiliations

    • Yale University, New Haven, CT

Received 20 March 2009 ,Revised 13 July 2009 ,Accepted 23 July 2009.

References 

  1. Case AM, Reid RL. Menstrual cycle effects on common medical conditions. Compr Ther. 2001;27:65–71
  2. Brandes JL. The influence of estrogen on migraine: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;295:1824–1830
  3. Reddy DS. Pharmacology of catamenial epilepsy. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2004;26:547–561
  4. Tan KS. Premenstrual asthma: epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Drugs. 2001;61:2079–2086
  5. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:8–19
  6. Wittchen HU. Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depress Anxiety. 2002;16:162–171
  7. Wittchen HU, Hoyer J. Generalized anxiety disorder: nature and course. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(suppl 11):15–19
  8. Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007;370:851–858
  9. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Otto MW, Sweeney BH, Liberman RF, Harlow BL. Prevalence and predictors of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in older premenopausal women: the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. J Affect Disord. 2002;70:125–132
  10. Bromberger JT, Meyer PM, Kravitz HM, et al. Psychologic distress and natural menopause: a multiethnic community study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1435–1442
  11. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Otto MW, Harlow BL. Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:385–390
  12. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Liu L, Gracia CR, Nelson DB, Hollander L. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:62–70
  13. Joffe H, Hall JE, Soares CN, et al. Vasomotor symptoms are associated with depression in perimenopausal women seeking primary care. Menopause. 2002;9:392–398
  14. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, et al. Symptoms associated with menopausal transition and reproductive hormones in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:230–240
  15. Somerville BW. The role of estradiol withdrawal in the etiology of menstrual migraine. Neurology. 1972;22:355–365
  16. Sances G, Granella F, Nappi RE, et al. Course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum: a prospective study. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:197–205
  17. Amir BY, Yaacov B, Guy B, Gad P, Itzhak W, Gal I. Headaches in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo-transfer treatment. Headache. 2005;45:215–219
  18. Lay CL, Payne R. Recognition and treatment of menstrual migraine. Neurologist. 2007;13:197–204
  19. Backstrom T. Epileptic seizures in women related to plasma estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Acta Neurol Scand. 1976;54:321–347
  20. Backstrom T, Andersson A, Andree L, et al. Pathogenesis in menstrual cycle-linked CNS disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;1007:42–53
  21. Kumar N, Behari M, Ahuja GK, Jailkhani BL. Phenytoin levels in catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1988;29:155–158
  22. Lang TJ. Estrogen as an immunomodulator. Clin Immunol. 2004;113:224–230
  23. Straub RH. The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocr Rev. 2007;28:521–574
  24. McEwen BS, Alves SE. Estrogen actions in the central nervous system. Endocr Rev. 1999;20:279–307
  25. Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, Roca CA. Estrogen-serotonin interactions: implications for affective regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:839–850
  26. Deecher D, Andree TH, Sloan D, Schechter LE. From menarche to menopause: exploring the underlying biology of depression in women experiencing hormonal changes. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33:3–17
  27. Wihlback AC, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Backstrom T. Action by and sensitivity to neuroactive steroids in menstrual cycle related CNS disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;186:388–401
  28. Lee PY, Bazar KA, Yun AJ. Menstrual variation of autonomic balance may be a factor in exacerbations of certain diseases during the menstrual cycle. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63:163–167
  29. Schmidt PJ, Nieman LK, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR. Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:209–216
  30. Breier A, Charney DS, Heninger GR. Agoraphobia with panic attacks: development, diagnostic stability, and course of illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:1029–1036
  31. Hsiao MC, Hsiao CC, Liu CY. Premenstrual symptoms and premenstrual exacerbation in patients with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58:186–190
  32. Cook BL, Noyes R, Garvey MJ, Beach V, Sobotka J, Chaudhry D. Anxiety and the menstrual cycle in panic disorder. J Affect Disord. 1990;19:221–226
  33. Stein MB, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR, Uhde TW. Panic disorder and the menstrual cycle: panic disorder patients, healthy control subjects, and patients with premenstrual syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:1299–1303
  34. McLeod DR, Hoehn-Saric R, Foster GV, Hipsley PA. The influence of premenstrual syndrome on ratings of anxiety in women with generalized anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;88:248–251
  35. Labad J, Menchon JM, Alonso P, Segalas C, Jimenez S, Vallejo J. Female reproductive cycle and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:428–435
  36. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  37. Blehar MC, DePaulo JR, Gershon ES, Reich T, Simpson SG, Nurnberger JI. Women with bipolar disorder: findings from the NIMH Genetics Initiative sample. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34:239–243
  38. Hsiao MC, Liu CY. Unusual manifestations of premenstrual syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61:120–123
  39. Karadag F, Akdeniz F, Erten E, et al. Menstrually related symptom changes in women with treatment-responsive bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6:253–259
  40. Rasgon N, Bauer M, Grof P, et al. Sex-specific self-reported mood changes by patients with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2005;39:77–83
  41. Sothern RB, Slover GP, Morris RW. Circannual and menstrual rhythm characteristics in manic episodes and body temperature. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:194–203
  42. Rasgon N, Bauer M, Glenn T, Elman S, Whybrow PC. Menstrual cycle related mood changes in women with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5:48–52
  43. Becker OV, Rasgon NL, Marsh WK, Glenn T, Ketter TA. Lamotrigine therapy in treatment-resistant menstrually-related rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a case report. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6:435–439
  44. Leibenluft E, Ashman SB, Feldman-Naim S, Yonkers KA. Lack of relationship between menstrual cycle phase and mood in a sample of women with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:577–580
  45. Christensen EM, Gjerris A, Larsen JK, et al. Life events and onset of a new phase in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5:356–361
  46. Marsh WK, Templeton A, Ketter TA, Rasgon NL. Increased frequency of depressive episodes during the menopausal transition in women with bipolar disorder: preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42:247–251
  47. Freeman MP, Smith KW, Freeman SA, et al. The impact of reproductive events on the course of bipolar disorder in women. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:284–287
  48. Payne JL, Roy PS, Murphy-Eberenz K, et al. Reproductive cycle-associated mood symptoms in women with major depression and bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;99:221–229
  49. Dennerstein L, Judd F, Davies B. Psychosis and the menstrual cycle. Med J Aust. 1983;1:524–526
  50. Hallonquist JD, Seeman MV, Lang M, Rector NA. Variation in symptom severity over the menstrual cycle of schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:207–209
  51. Choi SH, Kang SB, Joe SH. Changes in premenstrual symptoms in women with schizophrenia: a prospective study. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:822–829
  52. Harlow BL, Vitonis AF, Sparen P, Cnattingius S, Joffe H, Hultman CM. Incidence of hospitalization for postpartum psychotic and bipolar episodes in women with and without prior prepregnancy or prenatal psychiatric hospitalizations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:42–48
  53. Leon GR, Phelan PW, Kelly JT, Patten SR. The symptoms of bulimia and the menstrual cycle. Psychosom Med. 1986;48:415–422
  54. Gladis MM, Walsh BT. Premenstrual exacerbation of binge eating in bulimia. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:1592–1595
  55. Lester NA, Keel PK, Lipson SF. Symptom fluctuation in bulimia nervosa: relation to menstrual-cycle phase and cortisol levels. Psychol Med. 2003;33:51–60
  56. Price WA, Torem MS, DiMarzio LR. Premenstrual exacerbation of bulimia. Psychosomatics. 1987;28:378–379
  57. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. 2nd ed.. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
  58. Godart NT, Perdereau F, Rein Z, et al. Comorbidity studies of eating disorders and mood disorders: critical review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2007;97:37–49
  59. Endicott J, Amsterdam J, Eriksson E, et al. Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder a distinct clinical entity?. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 1999;8:663–679
  60. Ling FW. Recognizing and treating premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the obstetric, gynecologic, and primary care practices. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(suppl 12):9–16
  61. Perkonigg A, Yonkers KA, Pfister H, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Risk factors for premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a community sample of young women: the role of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1314–1322
  62. Yonkers KA. The association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder and other mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(suppl 15):19–25
  63. Soares CN, Cohen LS, Otto MW, Harlow BL. Characteristics of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) who did or did not report history of depression: a preliminary report from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:873–878
  64. Protopopescu X, Tuescher O, Pan H, et al. Toward a functional neuroanatomy of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Affect Disord. 2008;108:87–94
  65. Inoue Y, Terao T, Iwata N, et al. Fluctuating serotonergic function in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome: findings from neuroendocrine challenge tests. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;190:213–219
  66. Yonkers KA, White K. Premenstrual exacerbation of depression: one process or two?. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53:289–292
  67. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson DB. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:375–382
  68. Steinberg EM, Rubinow DR, Bartko JJ, et al. A cross-sectional evaluation of perimenopausal depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:973–980
  69. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Gracia CR, Kapoor S. Symptoms in the menopausal transition: hormone and behavioral correlates. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111:127–136
  70. Woods NF, Mariella A, Mitchell ES. Depressed mood symptoms during the menopausal transition: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Climacteric. 2006;9:195–203
  71. Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Schott LL, et al. Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord. 2007;103:267–272
  72. Avis NE, Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression: results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Ann Epidemiol. 1994;4:214–220
  73. Schmidt PJ, Haq N, Rubinow DR. A longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between reproductive status and mood in perimenopausal women. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2238–2244
  74. Woods NF, Smith-Dijulio K, Percival DB, Tao EY, Mariella A, Mitchell S. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Menopause. 2008;15:223–232
  75. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measurement. 1977;1:385–401
  76. Rollman BL, Belnap BH, Mazumdar S, et al. Symptomatic severity of PRIME-MD diagnosed episodes of panic and generalized anxiety disorder in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:623–628
  77. Gregory RJ, Masand PS, Yohai NH. Depression across the reproductive life cycle: correlations between events. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;2:127–129
  78. Avis NE, Crawford S, Stellato R, Longcope C. Longitudinal study of hormone levels and depression among women transitioning through menopause. Climacteric. 2001;4:243–249
  79. Bosworth HB, Bastian LA, Kuchibhatla MN, et al. Depressive symptoms, menopausal status, and climacteric symptoms in women at midlife. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:603–608
  80. Harlow BL, Cohen LS, Otto MW, Spiegelman D, Cramer DW. Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms in older premenopausal women: the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:418–424
  81. Rasgon N, Shelton S, Halbreich U. Perimenopausal mental disorders: epidemiology and phenomenology. CNS Spectr. 2005;10:471–478
  82. Simon GE, VonKorff M, Piccinelli M, Fullerton C, Ormel J. An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1329–1335
  83. Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Keck PE, Auchenbach MB, Javaras KN, Hess EV. Comorbidity of fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1219–1225
  84. Moldin SO, Scheftner WA, Rice JP, Nelson E, Knesevich MA, Akiskal H. Association between major depressive disorder and physical illness. Psychol Med. 1993;23:755–761
  85. Steiner M. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: guidelines for management. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000;25:459–468
  86. Arroll B, Khin N, Kerse N. Screening for depression in primary care with two verbally asked questions: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2003;327:1144–1146
  87. Yonkers KA. Anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: how are they related to premenstrual disorders?. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(suppl 3):62–67
  88. Amore M, Di Donato P, Berti A, et al. Sexual and psychological symptoms in the climacteric years. Maturitas. 2007;56:303–311
  89. Broadhead WE, Leon AC, Weissman MM, et al. Development and validation of the SDDS-PC screen for multiple mental disorders in primary care. Arch Fam Med. 1995;4:211–219
  90. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(suppl 20):22–33
  91. Farvolden P, McBride C, Bagby RM, Ravitz P. A Web-based screening instrument for depression and anxiety disorders in primary care. J Med Internet Res. 2003;5:e23
  92. Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W. Daily record of severity of problems (DRSP): reliability and validity. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9:41–49
  93. Freeman EW, DeRubeis RJ, Rickels K. Reliability and validity of a daily diary for premenstrual syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 1996;65:97–106
  94. Feuerstein M, Shaw WS. Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med. 2002;47:279–289
  95. Markum RA. Assessment of the reliability of and the effect of neutral instructions on the symptom ratings on the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Psychosom Med. 1976;38:163–172
  96. Thys-Jacobs S, Alvir JM, Fratarcangelo P. Comparative analysis of three PMS assessment instruments—the identification of premenstrual syndrome with core symptoms. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31:389–396
  97. Halbreich U, Endicott J, Schacht S, Nee J. The diversity of premenstrual changes as reflected in the Premenstrual Assessment Form. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1982;65:46–65
  98. Thibault JM, Steiner RW. Efficient identification of adults with depression and dementia. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:1101–1110
  99. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Ibrahim HM, et al. The 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:573–583
  100. Dennis CL. Can we identify mothers at risk for postpartum depression in the immediate postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale?. J Affect Disord. 2004;78:163–169
  101. Blackmore ER, Carroll J, Reid A, et al. The use of the antenatal psychosocial health assessment (ALPHA) tool in the detection of psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006;28:873–878
  102. Cagnacci A, Zanin R, Cannoletta M, Generali M, Caretto S, Volpe A. Menopause, estrogens, progestins, or their combination on body weight and anthropometric measures. Fertil Steril. 2007;88:1603–1608
  103. Frank E, Carpenter LL, Kupfer DJ. Sex differences in recurrent depression: are there any that are significant?. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:41–45
  104. Klinkman MS. The role of algorithms in the detection and treatment of depression in primary care. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(suppl 2):19–23
  105. Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, et al. Consensus statement on the primary care management of depression from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(suppl 7):54–61
  106. Physicians desk reference. 62nd ed.. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare; 2007;
  107. Rapkin AJ, Winer SA. The pharmacologic management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:429–445
  108. Brown CS, Ling FW, Andersen RN, Farmer RG, Arheart KL. Efficacy of depot leuprolide in premenstrual syndrome: effect of symptom severity and type in a controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84:779–786
  109. Hahn PM, Van Vugt DA, Reid RL. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of danazol for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20:193–209
  110. Leather AT, Studd JW, Watson NR, Holland EF. The treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with goserelin with and without 'add-back' estrogen therapy: a placebo-controlled study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1999;13:48–55
  111. Johnson WG, Carr-Nangle RE, Bergeron KC. Macronutrient intake, eating habits, and exercise as moderators of menstrual distress in healthy women. Psychosom Med. 1995;57:324–330
  112. Hardy ML. Herbs of special interest to women. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2000;40:234–242
  113. Geller SE, Studee L. Botanical and dietary supplements for menopausal symptoms: what works, what does not. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14:634–649
  114. Kornstein SG, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME, et al. Gender differences in treatment response to sertraline versus imipramine in chronic depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1445–1452
  115. Pinto-Meza A, Usall J, Serrano-Blanco A, Suarez D, Haro JM. Gender differences in response to antidepressant treatment prescribed in primary care (Does menopause make a difference?). J Affect Disord. 2006;93:53–60
  116. Cassano P, Soares CN, Cusin C, Mascarini A, Cohen LS, Fava M. Antidepressant response and well-being in pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder treated with fluoxetine. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74:362–365
  117. Burt VK, Wohlreich MM, Mallinckrodt CH, Detke MJ, Watkin JG, Stewart DE. Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in women ages 40 to 55 years. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:345–354
  118. Thase ME, Entsuah R, Cantillon M, Kornstein SG. Relative antidepressant efficacy of venlafaxine and SSRIs: sex-age interactions. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14:609–616
  119. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Rodgers B. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Med J Aust. 2002;176(suppl):S84–S96
  120. Schmidt PJ, Nieman L, Danaceau MA, et al. Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:414–420
  121. Soares CN, Almeida OP, Joffe H, Cohen LS. Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:529–534
  122. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–333
  123. Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290:1739–1748
  124. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:523–534
  125. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1701–1712
  126. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE, et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:357–365
  127. Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006;295:1647–1657
  128. Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Postmenopausal hormone therapy in clinical perspective. Menopause. 2007;14:944–957
  129. Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE, et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2591–2602
  130. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA. 2007;297:1465–1477
  131. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. Maturitas. 2006;55:103–115
  132. Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1027–1032
  133. Gyllstrom ME, Schreiner PJ, Harlow BL. Perimenopause and depression: strength of association, causal mechanisms and treatment recommendations. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;21:275–292
  134. Rasgon NL, Dunkin J, Fairbanks L, et al. Estrogen and response to sertraline in postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41:338–343
  135. Ancelin ML, Scali J, Ritchie K. Hormonal therapy and depression: are we overlooking an important therapeutic alternative?. J Psychosom Res. 2007;62:473–485

 This study was sponsored by Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA.

 Dr Pinkerton has received research Grants from Wyeth, Solvay, Lilly and Pfizer. She has served as consultant for Wyeth, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Amgen. Dr Guico-Pabia has been an employee for Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA. Dr Taylor has been on the Speaker's Bureau and received research Grant support from Wyeth. Per the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication”, all authors had a significant role in the development of the initial outline, contributed to the writing and preparation of the publication, and approved the final version to be submitted for peer review and, ultimately, published.

PII: S0002-9378(09)00854-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.061

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Volume 202, Issue 3 , Pages 221-231 , March 2010

Article Tools