American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Volume 196, Issue 1 , Pages 16-28, January 2007

Three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography for the structural and functional evaluation of the fetal face

  • Asim Kurjak, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
    • ,
  • Guillermo Azumendi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Centro Gutenberg Clinic, Malaga, Spain
    • ,
  • Wiku Andonotopo, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
    • Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprints: Wiku Andonotopo, MD, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sveti Duh Hospital, Sveti Duh 64, Zagreb, HR 10000, Croatia.
    • ,
  • Aida Salihagic-Kadic, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Received 19 May 2006; received in revised form 11 June 2006; accepted 27 June 2006. published online 04 October 2006.

Ultrasonographic examination of the fetal face can provide information that may lead to the diagnosis of anomalies in other organs or systems. Thus, the fetal face represents a “diagnostic window” for fetal diseases and syndromes. Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) improves the evaluation of anatomic fetal facial anomalies over what is possible by 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS). Four-dimensional ultrasonography (4DUS), by adding the temporal component to the examination, allows visualization of facial expressions that might be useful in the study of fetal behavior and maternal-fetal bonding. In this article, we evaluate the potential of 3D/4DUS for the study of structural and functional development of the fetal face.

Key words: three-dimensional ultrasound, four-dimensional ultrasound, fetal face, fetal behavior

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 Cite this article as: Kurjack A, Azumendi G, Andonotopo W, et al. Three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal face. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:16-28.

PII: S0002-9378(06)00956-2

doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.090

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Volume 196, Issue 1 , Pages 16-28, January 2007

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