American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Volume 200, Issue 5 , Pages 489.e1-489.e8 , May 2009

Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and combined oral contraceptive use and cervical neoplasia among women with oncogenic human papillomavirus infection

Presented in part at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for Epidemiologic Research, Palm Desert, CA, June 18-21, 2002.

  • Tiffany G. Harris, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, WA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprints: Tiffany Harris, PhD, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 253 Broadway, Room 602, New York, NY 10007
    • ,
  • Leslie Miller, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
    • ,
  • Shalini L. Kulasingam, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • Qinghua Feng, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
    • ,
  • Nancy B. Kiviat, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
    • ,
  • Stephen M. Schwartz, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, WA
    • Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
    • ,
  • Laura A. Koutsky, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, WA

Received 18 July 2008 ,Revised 13 October 2008 ,Accepted 16 January 2009.

References 

  1. Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003;361:1159–1167
  2. Appleby P, Beral V, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 2007;370:1609–1621
  3. Deacon JM, Evans CD, Yule R, et al. Sexual behaviour and smoking as determinants of cervical HPV infection and of CIN3 among those infected: a case-control study nested within the Manchester cohort. Br J Cancer. 2000;83:1565–1572
  4. Green J, Berrington De Gonzalez A, Smith JS, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and use of oral contraceptives. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1713–1720
  5. Winer RL, Lee SK, Hughes JP, Adam DE, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA. Incident infection with genital human papillomavirus: rates and risk factors in a cohort of college women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:218–226
  6. Moscicki AB, Hills N, Shiboski S, et al. Risks for incident human papillomavirus infection and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion development in young females. JAMA. 2001;285:2995–3002
  7. Giuliano AR, Papenfuss M, Abrahamsen M, et al. Human papillomavirus infection at the United States-Mexico border: implications for cervical cancer prevention and control. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10:1129–1136
  8. Castle PE, Walker JL, Schiffman M, Wheeler CM. Hormonal contraceptive use, pregnancy and parity, and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 among oncogenic HPV DNA-positive women with equivocal or mildly abnormal cytology. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:1007–1012
  9. Vaccarella S, Herrero R, Dai M, et al. Reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and human papillomavirus infection: pooled analysis of the IARC HPV prevalence surveys. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:2148–2153
  10. Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Hoffman M, et al. Risk of invasive cancer of the cervix in relation to the use of injectable progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen/progestogen oral contraceptives (South Africa). Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:485–495
  11. Kulasingam SL, Hughes JP, Kiviat NB, et al. Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of referral. JAMA. 2002;288:1749–1757
  12. Harris TG, Kulasingam SL, Kiviat NB, et al. Cigarette smoking, oncogenic human papillomavirus, Ki-67 antigen, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:834–842
  13. Baseman JG, Kulasingam SL, Harris TG, et al. Evaluation of primary cervical cancer screening with an oncogenic human papillomavirus DNA test and cervical cytologic findings among women who attended family planning clinics in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:26.e1–26.e8
  14. Gravitt PE, Peyton CL, Apple RJ, Wheeler CM. Genotyping of 27 human papillomavirus types by using L1 consensus PCR products by a single-hybridization, reverse line blot detection method. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:3020–3027
  15. The Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses: revised after the second National Cancer Institute Workshop, April 29-30, 1991. Acta Cytol. 1993;37:115–124
  16. Winer RL, Kiviat NB, Hughes JP, et al. Development and duration of human papillomavirus lesions, after initial infection. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:731–738
  17. Kruger-Kjaer S, van den Brule AJ, Svare EI, et al. Different risk factor patterns for high-grade and low-grade intraepithelial lesions on the cervix among HPV-positive and HPV-negative young women. Int J Cancer. 1998;76:613–619
  18. Coker AL, Sanders LC, Bond SM, Gerasimova T, Pirisi L. Hormonal and barrier methods of contraception, oncogenic human papillomaviruses, and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion development. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:441–449
  19. Hildesheim A, Herrero R, Castle PE, et al. HPV co-factors related to the development of cervical cancer: results from a population-based study in Costa Rica. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:1219–1226
  20. Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet. 2002;359:1085–1092
  21. Castle PE, Wacholder S, Lorincz AT, et al. A prospective study of high-grade cervical neoplasia risk among human papillomavirus-infected women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1406–1414
  22. Konya J, Dillner J. Immunity to oncogenic human papillomaviruses. Adv Cancer Res. 2001;82:205–238
  23. Whitacre CC. Sex differences in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:777–780
  24. de Villiers EM. Relationship between steroid hormone contraceptives and HPV, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2003;103:705–708
  25. Pater A, Bayatpour M, Pater MM. Oncogenic transformation by human papillomavirus type 16 deoxyribonucleic acid in the presence of progesterone or progestins from oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:1099–1103
  26. Yuan F, Auborn K, James C. Altered growth and viral gene expression in human papillomavirus type 16-containing cancer cell lines treated with progesterone. Cancer Invest. 1999;17:19–29
  27. Mittal R, Tsutsumi K, Pater A, Pater MM. Human papillomavirus type 16 expression in cervical keratinocytes: role of progesterone and glucocorticoid hormones. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:5–12
  28. von Knebel Doeberitz M, Spitkovsky D, Ridder R. Interactions between steroid hormones and viral oncogenes in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1997;81:233–239
  29. von Knebel Doeberitz M, Bauknecht T, Bartsch D, zur Hausen H. Influence of chromosomal integration on glucocorticoid-regulated transcription of growth-stimulating papillomavirus genes E6 and E7 in cervical carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:1411–1415
  30. Valente PT, Schantz HD, Trabal JF. Cytologic changes in cervical smears associated with prolonged use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Cancer. 1998;84:328–334
  31. Kiviat N, Koutsky LA, Paavonen J. Cervical neoplasia and other STD-related genital tract neoplasias. In:  Holmes KK,  Sparling PF,  Mardh PA, et al. editor. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999;
  32. Volk EE, Jax JM, Kuntzman TJ. Cytologic findings in cervical smears in patients using intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) for contraception. Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;23:161–164
  33. Zahm DM, Nindl I, Greinke C, Hoyer H, Schneider A. Colposcopic appearance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is age dependent. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:1298–1304
  34. Miller L, Patton DL, Meier A, Thwin SS, Hooton TM, Eschenbach DA. Depomedroxyprogesterone-induced hypoestrogenism and changes in vaginal flora and epithelium. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:431–439
  35. Mauck CK, Callahan MM, Baker J, et al. The effect of one injection of Depo-Provera on the human vaginal epithelium and cervical ectopy. Contraception. 1999;60:15–24
  36. Kuhn L, Denny L, Pollack AE, Wright TC. Prevalence of visible disruption of cervical epithelium and cervical ectopy in African women using Depo-Provera. Contraception. 1999;59:363–367
  37. Bahamondes L, Trevisan M, Andrade L, et al. The effect upon the human vaginal histology of the long-term use of the injectable contraceptive Depo-Provera. Contraception. 2000;62:23–27
  38. Nischan P, Ebeling K, Thomas DB, Hirsch U. Comparison of recalled and validated oral contraceptive histories. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:697–703
  39. Manhart LE, Koutsky LA. Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? (A meta-analysis). Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:725–735
  40. Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2645–2654

 Dr Harris is currently affiliated with the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY.

 This study was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant CA34493 from the National Cancer Institute.

 Cite this article as: Harris TG, Miller L, Kulasingam SL, et al. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and combined oral contraceptive use and cervical neoplasia among women with oncogenic human papillomavirus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:489.e1-489.e8.

PII: S0002-9378(09)00088-X

doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.01.030

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Volume 200, Issue 5 , Pages 489.e1-489.e8 , May 2009

Article Tools